The total range of of the upper cervical complex is approximately +23 degrees. The occipito-atlantal joint contributes a slightly greater amount of motion to the total range of flexion and extension.
, the occipital condyles slide back and forth on the lateral masses of the atlas, and the atlas rolls and slides on the superior facets of the axis.
The maximum range of flexion is limited by tension developed in the articular capsules and the posterior ligaments and muscles. The maximum range of extension is limited by the approximation of the occiput, the posterior arch of the atlas, and the posterior process of the axis.
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